The effective head across the turbine is 160 m and the speed required for electrical generation is 750 rpm. It is likewise called as propeller turbine and advanced from the francis turbine. Its similar to the propeller turbine, except that its blades are adjustable. The rotation speed rpm is higher than that of the francis turbine. It was named after james bicheno francis 18151892, the american engineer who invented the apparatus in 1849. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and. Pelton wheel easiest to understand invented in california late 1800s high head, low flow water flows from nozzle, reverses direction in pelton wheel buckets, exits. What we have not done is the component of the reaction turbines, francis and kaplan, so i will spend some time to discuss the components, the velocity triangles. The water coming from the reservoir through penstock is accelerated to a certain velocity by means of a nozzle. General arrangements for pelton, francis, kaplan and kaplan bulb turbine power. Francis turbine converts energy at high pressure heads which are not easily available and hence a turbine was required to convert the energy at low pressure.
The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. First, a theoretical design was performed for determining the main characteristics where it showed an efficiency of 94%. Previous project with kaplan turbine with similar specific speed was considered to be the base geometry. There are two main types of reaction turbine francis and kaplan.
With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. Types of reaction turbines kaplan turbine francis turbine kinetic turbine 15. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. Object oriented modelling and simulation of kaplan turbines. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study.
Comparison between francis and kaplan turbines fluid. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of hydraulic turbines. A variety of system problems could be solved by index testing kaplan turbines installed in the various facilities. Kaplan turbine has lesser friction loss and higher efficiency. Difference between pelton, francis and kaplan turbines. Turbine is a general term for any device that extracts mechanical energy from a fluid generally converting it to rotating energy of a turbine wheel. The degree of efficiency is very high with more than 95 %.
Reaction turbines have some primary features which differentiate them from impulse turbines. While kaplan turbines are very expensive to design, manufacture and install, they operate for decades wikipedia kaplan turbine. Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner blades with less number of. It was developed in 19 by the austrian professor viktor kaplan. Compared to the pelton and francis turbines, kaplan turbines and. Mavels kaplan turbines involve design modifications such as a vertical scroll case turbine, bulb turbine, pit turbine, s turbine and z saxo turbine.
Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high discharges. They work with medium head plants 50250m, overlapping the head range of francis, pelton, and to a small extent kaplan turbines. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan.
Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine. The reverse archimedes screw and the overshot waterwheel are both gravity turbines. Only a few large low head francis turbines made by kvaerner have been. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine type of turbine. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or. For liquids, we usually call them hydraulic turbines or hydroturbines. The kaplan turbine design has improved significantly since that time. Kaplan engineering kaplan engineering gce o level mathematics past papers download, advanced communication lab viva question and answer, paradox alarm manual.
Indexing is essentially tuning a kaplan turbine to maximize its operating efficiency. View and download powerpoint presentations on kaplan turbine ppt. It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the francis turbine. Sturbines, pumpturbines, standard and customized products. Learn about the comparison between francis and kaplan turbines. Storage pumps, radial, semiaxial and axialflow pumps. Runner also named impeller of pelton turbine consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets are fixed. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan turbine.
In the turbine machinery the energy conversion is indirect and always takes place through the change of kinetic energy of the fluid. This method of detailed design, is followed by a complete tutorial for the 3d modeling of the turbine blades, and. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. Hydraulic turbines difference between impulse and reaction hydraulic turbines. The kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine with 4 to 7 adjustable blades. Hydro energia 2012 kaplan, francis, pelton turbines up to 40 mw hydro energia, a major player of the hydro. Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. Stateofthe artpowerhouse, dam structure, and turbine.
Very simple kaplan turbine design grant ingram 30th january 2007 nomenclature b blade height g gravitational acceleration h head k loss coe. Energy conversion in a pelton turbine outlet outlet of the runner inlet of the runner outlet of the needle inlet of the needle 2 c2. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. Which was designed and developed by the australian engineer viktor kaplan. Pelton turbine propellers francis and kaplan banki. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti.
Kaplantype hydraulic turbine in which the positions of the runner blades and the wicket gates are adjustable for load change with sustained efficiency, it is a purely axial flow turbine with a vertical shaft disposition. Pelton turbine was developed by lester allan pelton in the year 1870. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. It has fixed runner blades and adjustable guide vanes. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. Lecture on pelton turbine indian institute of technology. Turgo turbines are impulse water turbine, similar to the pelton wheel. As in the case of a francis turbine, the kaplan turbine is provided with a spiral casing, guide vane assembly and a draft tube. Experiences with the hydraulic design of the high specific. Kaplan turbine disposition of shaft is only in vertical direction number of vanes france turbine has very large number of blades 16 to 24 kaplan turbine has very small number of blades 3 to 8. Very simple kaplan turbine design durham university. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of. Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b.
The major part of pressure drop occurs in the turbine itself, unlike the impulse turbine where. Pressure distribution and torque pressure side suction side 0,24 l cord length, l single profile cascade the pressure at the outlet is lower for a cascade than. Modern layout for large kaplan machine customer francis turbine 100 10 0 0 0,1 1 10 100 output mw head m small hydro large hydro. The pelton, francis and kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to produce electric energy. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855. Kaplan turbine has high speed runner than that of pelton turbine.
Kaplan turbine is smaller and compact compared to francis turbine. It was designed by american scientist james francis. The francis turbine is a mixedflow radial turbine and is used for medium heads in the range from 5 to 400 m. A francis turbine operates at its maximum efficiency point at. According to their construction, working and operating conditions following are the major. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. Draft tube evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine hydropower jonval. For a given head and output kaplan turbine runs at a higher speed.
Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. This report is divided into a theoretical part where the theory behind the hydropower and kaplan turbine is brie y explained, followed up by a section where the dymola model of the kaplan turbine is. Therefore, the value of specific speed of kaplan turbine is higher than that of the pelton turbine. Introduction to francis turbine diagram, working principle the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Turbines kaplan francis the kaplan turbine was invented in the czech republic by victor kaplan in 1912 1914. You will find the heliciel site, a method of minihydropower plant design, complete, allowing the design and performance estimation and dimensional parameters of the propeller or kaplan turbine, from guide vanes to draft tube.
Francis turbines are generally arranged so that the axis is vertical although smaller turbines can have a horizontal axis. An unsteady vortical flow also develops in the vaneless space during load. The two main types of reaction turbine are the propeller turbine with kaplan variant and the francis turbine. The blades of a kaplan turbine, three to eight in number are pivoted around the central hub or boss, thus permitting adjustment of their orientation for changes in load and head. The andritz hydro kaplan turbine is utilized on a low head application with up to 90 m and a unit output of up to more than 230 mw. Kaplan turbines can operate under a wide range of head conditions, but francis turbine requires relatively higher head conditions. The working scope of head at which the kaplan turbine works more efficienlty is 10 to 70 m. His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. Alternatively, the more expensive kaplan turbine has variablepitch blades which can be altered to give much better partload efficiency, perhaps 90% at one third of full rated output. Following are the differences between pelton wheel, francis and kaplan turbine. Difference between francis and kaplan turbine pdf 23. In 19, an austrian professor viktor kaplan who developed this turbine combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.
Austrian engineer viktor kaplan 18761934 invented this turbine. Francis turbine its components, working and application. In the turbine the fluid flows from the pressure penstock into the turbine machine and first flows through a cascade of guide vanes. The first paper results showed that the torque starts to oscillate with the start of the guide vane movement. It is equipped for working at low head and high stream rates effectively which is inconceivable with francis turbine. Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare. Optimizing kaplan turbine efficiency with minimal cost. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. The ideal pelton runner absolute velocity from nozzle. The classical functional structure of a hydrogenerator with a kaplan turbine is presented schematically in figure 1. The next goal of hydraulic design was to use all main parts of this turbine and retain them for design of a totally new francis type runner see fig. Design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel.
Francis turbines are cheaper than pelton s turbine and there is no special need for pelton s turbine because variable loads are not likely to come and water is not sandy which may certainly need pelton s turbines. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. This turbine has a small number of blades generally 4. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about kaplan turbine ppt. Load variation effects on the pressure fluctuations.